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When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, for example)[27] with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. This book was way too focused on what happened, but not so much on the why or why it was important. [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. These bonds were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law, a council of legal advisers who were only answerable to the King. [citation needed] - and that was only about 50% of the book, it was only about 50% interesting to me. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. His spies and informers were everywhere. No. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. The first rising, that of Lord Lovell, Richard IIIs chamberlain, in 1486 was ill-prepared and unimportant, but in 1487 came the much more serious revolt of Lambert Simnel. There he found more English fugitives, willing to invade England in support of Henry, and bearing news that Richard III had serious plans to marry the princess Elizabeth himself. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. I found this really interesting, but Im a history nut. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. [29] Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. Letters to relatives have an affectionate tone not captured by official state business, as evidenced by many written to his mother Margaret. The usual courts and justice system were totally circumvented, and there was no chance of appeal other than purchasing extremely high priced royal pardons. Though this was not achieved during his reign, the marriage eventually led to the union of the English and Scottish crowns under Margaret's great-grandson, James VI and I, following the death of Henry's granddaughter Elizabeth I. His younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke, undertook to protect Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry. Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. Loyalty was ensured, and the nobility was effectively neuteredand Henry became the richest monarch in Europe. Penn pointed out that for over half a century no king had passed on the crown without turmoil and Henry knew that what had happened to Richard could happen to him. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . Raised in France, admiring of Italian-trained lawyers (and reaping the reward of the return of a whole generation of educated English commoners who sat out the War of the Roses abroad), with good taste in Renaissance art and advised by his gracious wife and steely mother, Henry VII is a major figure, not a prequel. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. Henry spared Richard's nephew and designated heir, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and made the Yorkist heiress Margaret Plantagenet Countess of Salisbury suo jure. His dynasty was hanging by a thread and all his hopes had to rest on his youngest son, Henry, and Elizabeth of York producing another son, a spare. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. His history plays depicted the dramatic conflicts of the wars of the roses, which Henry's accession after his victory at Bosworth in 1485 brought to an end. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. Henry decided to keep Brittany out of French hands, signed an alliance with Spain to that end, and sent 6,000 troops to France. 1517. [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. Castles of . He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). Penn ended the programme by visiting the tombs of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York in Henrys chapel at Westminster Abbey, a chapel that remains at the heart of political life. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. It was no easy feat. On the other side of the coin, instead of the cross, was a Tudor rose and the arms of England. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the English economy. But definitely rewarding! Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). For instance, the Stanley family had control of Lancashire and Cheshire, upholding the peace on the condition that they stayed within the law. It is not known precisely where Cabot landed, but he was eventually rewarded with a pension from the king; it is presumed that Cabot perished at sea after a later unsuccessful expedition. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, violence, murders, coups and countercoups. Watch for $0.00 with Prime. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! This was excellent. Several of Richard's key allies, such as Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, and also Lord Stanley and his brother William, crucially switched sides or left the battlefield. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! [22] Thus, anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason and Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III, while restoring his own. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. When Henry VII became king, the royal exchequer was effectively bankrupt. ), Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VII_of_England&oldid=1141813382, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Katherine (2 February 1503 10 February 1503), This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 23:16. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . [20] He amassed an army of about 5,0006,000 soldiers. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. [citation needed], During his lifetime the nobility often criticised Henry VII for re-centralizing power in London, and later the 16th-century historian Francis Bacon was ruthlessly critical of the methods by which he enforced tax law, but it is equally true that Henry VII was diligent about keeping detailed records of his personal finances, down to the last halfpenny;[71] these and one account book detailing the expenses of his queen survive in the British National Archives, as do accounts of courtiers and many of the king's own letters. : (April 25, 1883. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth of York. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. Having secured financial backing from Florentine bankers in London, Cabot was granted carefully phrased letters patent from Henry in March 1496, permitting him to embark on an exploratory voyage westerly. I really enjoyed it. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. In 1485, history was about to be changed for ever by a man who was a refugee, a fugitive whod spent half his life on the run and with barely a claim to the throne: Henry Tudor. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. ), The Reign of Henry VII. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. Years of instability, factionalism and his predecessors' penchant for war had seen royal finances severely battered. Life at court was merry under Henry 8th, a fresh new beginning likened to springtime. Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. To be notified of special offers, news, new courses, and new tutors, please subscribe to our newsletter. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. After the Holy Roman Emperor . February 7 Sir Francis Bryan loses an eye and Henry VIII has a new love, An interview with historical novelist Sandra Byrd, Henry VIII and His Six Wives event open for registration. His regime was magnificent, yet terrifying and oppressive. It was propaganda to spread the message that he was the rightful King. With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. My obsession is European history from the 12th through 17th centuries - especially British history - so of course, when I was offered the chance to review this book, my interest was piqued immediately. Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. Only through the deaths of more obvious claimants, and after the accession of Richard III in 1483, when Henry was 26, did he become a leading candidate. But, his enemies didnt agree. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! He became paranoid and made the decision that if his people couldnt love him then they should fear him. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. After winning the throne of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist king Edward IV. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. this was well-written and i love henry vii for how he managed to a) get the throne of england and b) keep it and make the crown so solvent after the devastating years of the Wars of the Roses, but i can't help but think that a lot of this was rather dry. This was accomplished through the targeted imposition of fines and bonds through extrajudicial councils. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. Not only was . The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. Edward would have liked to rid himself of Henry, a rival to his throne, but Francis kept Henry safe. Henry, recognizing that Simnel had been a mere dupe, employed him in the royal kitchens. [12], Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. 3.5 Stars. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Henry restored power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. [33], In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard of Shrewsbury, the younger of the "Princes in the Tower". It seems that Henry was skilful at extracting money from his subjects on many pretexts, including that of war with France or war with Scotland. His legacy was his son, Henry VIII, lucky old England Penn commented. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. Catherine's mother Isabella I of Castile had died and Catherine's sister Joanna had succeeded her; Catherine was, therefore, daughter of only one reigning monarch and so less desirable as a spouse for Henry VII's heir-apparent. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. His account of Henry's government is more contentious than he lets on. This is why he named the book the Winter King. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. There's a lot of cloak-and-dagger stuff here, something Henry and certain of his counselors seemed especially skilled at, and it was those parts that I particularly enjoyed. Doubtless the plotters were encouraged by the deaths of Henrys sons in 1500 and 1502 and of his wife in 1503. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. Henry VII: The Winter King. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485. Overblown prose trumpeting his reign seemed to be the order of the day. Henry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? Here is a rundown of the programme for those who missed it. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Henry needed an heir to secure his reign and fortunately an heir came quickly. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. She was Edward's heir since the presumed death of her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, King Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York. [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. An ally of Henry's, Viscount Jean du Qulennec[fr], soon arrived, bringing news that Francis had recovered, and in the confusion Henry was able to flee to a monastery. In response to this threat within his own household, the King instituted more rigid security for access to his person. [63] Despite this, Henry was keen to constrain their power and influence, applying the same principles to the justices of the peace as he did to the nobility: a similar system of bonds and recognisances to that which applied to both the gentry and the nobles who tried to exert their elevated influence over these local officials. People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. Martin Luther 95 thesis. (HIST003) Persecutions, Populations and Politics: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST004) Country, Colonies and Culture: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST006) The Stuart Court: History Politics and Culture, (HIST010) The Tudors: History, Culture and Religion, (HIST011) The English Country House: History, Architecture and Landscape, (HIST018) The Changing English Countryside, 20th Century Musicals: A Celebration of Song and Dance on the Silver Screen and the Stage. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. Here was a young man who enjoyed jousting, who enjoyed chatting with the other knights in the tiltyard and with people of low degree. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. Some of them have more to say than Penn about the constructive sides of the reign, which developed the state-building methods of his Yorkist predecessors. Two themes of his book preside: the permanent vulnerability of Henry's regime, and his ruthless methods of rule. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. In 1501, England had been ravaged for decades by conspiracy, coups . He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. alessio figalli wife, the principal agent problem describes a situation where, capital one brand guidelines,