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What was John D. Rockefeller remembered for? John D. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. Mr. Rockefeller financed the construction of museums in Mesa Verde, Grand Canyon, and Yellowstone national parks. Founded by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (1839-1937), the Standard Oil Company is one of the world's richest corporations. On April 20, 1914, a general fire-fight occurred between strikers and troops, which was antagonized by the troops and mine guards. On this day in 1870, Rockefeller incorporated the company that would make him almost inconceivably rich and, in many ways, begin the modern age of oil. [66], The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the worlds wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. The Ohio businessman John D. Rockefeller entered the oil industry in the 1860s and in 1870, and founded Standard Oil with some other business partners. They had four daughters and one son together. Due to reduced demand for coal, resulting from an economic downturn, many of CF&I's coal mines never reopened and many men were thrown out of work. John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. He was buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.[136]. His personal wealth was 900million in 1913 worth 23.5 billion dollars adjusted for inflation in 2020. He quickly found success as it became the largest refinery in the area, and Learn the history behind Byron Benson's building the world's first oil pipeline (1879), defeating John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-D-Rockefeller, PBS - American Experience - Biography of John D. Rockefeller, Senior, Ohio History Central - Biography of John D. Rockefeller, United States History - Biography of John D. Rockefeller. A good measure, pressed down, shaken together and running over, will be poured into your lap. [36], As a youth, Rockefeller reportedly said that his two great ambitions were to make $100,000 (equivalent to $2.91million[37] in 2021 dollars) and to live 100 years. His father was of English and German descent, while his mother was of Ulster Scot descent. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and, through corporate and technological innovations, was instrumental in both widely disseminating and drastically reducing the production cost of oil. The United States Commission on Industrial Relations conducted extensive hearings, singling out John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Rockefellers' relationship with Bowers for special attention. Rockefeller's wealth soared as kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, and he became the richest person in the country, controlling 90% of all oil in the United States at his peak. WebTwo things about the oil industry, however, bothered Rockefeller right from the start: the appalling waste and the fluctuating prices. "[72] Over time, foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. The family relocated to Strongsville, a town near Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853, and six years laterafter attending and later dropping out of Clevelands Central High School, taking a single business class at Folsom Mercantile College, and working as a bookkeeperRockefeller established his first enterprise, a commission business dealing in hay, grain, meats, and other goods. However, his mother was more influential in his upbringing and beyond, while he distanced himself further and further from his father as his life progressed. Consequently, Rockefeller became the country's first billionaire, with a fortune worth nearly 2% of the national economy. [citation needed] The study, an excerpt of which was published in The Atlantic,[13] had been undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. He made possible the founding of the University of Chicago in 1892, and by the time of his deathfrom a heart attack in 1937, shortly before his 98th birthdayhe had given it some $35 million. WebROCKEFELLER, JOHN D. (8 July 1839-23 May 1937), industrialist and philanthropist, rose from his position as an assistant bookkeeper for a Cleveland commission merchant to become one of the wealthiest men in the U.S. through his efforts in developing the STANDARD OIL CO. Born on a farm near Richford, NY. His hair never grew back, but other health complaints subsided as he lightened his workload. He was advised primarily by Frederick Taylor Gates[103] after 1891,[104] and, after 1897, also by his son. John D. Rockefeller was born in Richford, New York, then part of the Burned-over district, a New York state region that became the site of an evangelical revival known as the Second Great Awakening. John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the worlds wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. [29] He later stated, "From the beginning, I was trained to work, to save, and to give. John D. Rockefeller was an American business magnate and philanthropist. [109] Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to Denison University[110] and other Baptist colleges. [33] He worked long hours and delighted, as he later recalled, in "all the methods and systems of the office. Rockefeller attended Baptist churches every Sunday; when traveling he would often attend services at African-American Baptist congregations, leaving a substantial donation. WebAfter dropping out of high school, taking one business class at Folsom Mercantile College, and working as a bookkeeper, Rockefeller establishes his first business, which supplies goods such as hay, grain, and meats. He wrote and published his memoirs beginning in 1908. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Omissions? After the war, he donated land for the United Nations headquarters, a gift that figured prominently in the decision to This campaign used a combination of politics and science, along with collaboration between healthcare workers and government officials to accomplish its goals. Under the protection of the National Guard, some miners returned to work and some strikebreakers, imported from the eastern coalfields, joined them as Guard troops protecting their movements. Webrmond Beach, Fla., May 23.--John D. Rockefeller Sr., who wanted to live until July 9, 1939, when he would have rounded out a century of life, died at 4:05 A.M. here today at The Casements, his Winter home, a little more than two years and a month from his cherished goal. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He quickly found success as it became the largest refinery in the area, and In 1899 these companies were brought back together in a holding company, Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), which existed until 1911, when the U.S. Supreme Court declared it in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act and therefore illegal. He borrowed heavily, reinvested profits, adapted rapidly to changing markets, and fielded observers to track the quickly expanding industry. Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure. A. D. John. The aggressive competitive practices of Standard Oil, which many regarded as ruthless, and the growing public hostility toward monopolies, of which Standard was the best-known, caused some industrialized states to enact antimonopoly laws and led to the passage by the U.S. Congress of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 (see also antitrust law). "[43] At that time, the Federal government was subsidizing oil prices, driving the price up from $.35 a barrel in 1862 to as high as $13.75. I, 1879)", "Militia slaughters strikers at Ludlow, Colorado", "Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation", "Text of Rockefeller's Letter to Dr. Butler", "John D. Rockefeller Sr. and family timeline", "John D Rockefeller:Infinitely Ruthless, Profoundly Charitable", "The Richest Man In History: Rockefeller is Born", "Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism', "Toward a 'Universal Heritage': Education and the Development of Rockefeller Philanthropy, 18841913", Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, Standard Oil Co. v. United States (Standard Stations), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_D._Rockefeller&oldid=1138196481, American businesspeople in the oil industry, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021, Articles with incomplete citations from February 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Alice Rockefeller (July 14, 1869 August 20, 1870), Public Diary of John D. Rockefeller, now found in the Cleveland Western Historical Society, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 14:21. 187072 These contemporaries include his former competitors, many of whom were driven to ruin, but many others of whom sold out at a profit (or a profitable stake in Standard Oil, as Rockefeller often offered his shares as payment for a business), and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil. John D Rockefeller was a businessman who emerged as one of the men with largest fortune in history. He made possible the founding of the University of Chicago and endowed major philanthropic institutions. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to petroleum jelly to chewing gum. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the trading of oil futures. The University of Chicago has long accorded John D. Rockefeller the official designation of "Founder," and that accolade may offer some historical compensation to Rockefeller's more conventional and hostile sobriquet of "robber baron." John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company acquiredpipelinesand terminal facilities, purchased competing refineries, and vigorously sought to expand its markets. "[49] He was well-positioned to take advantage of postwar prosperity and the great expansion westward fostered by the growth of railroads and an oil-fueled economy. "[34] He was particularly adept at calculating transportation costs, which served him well later in his career. [53], On January 10, 1870, Rockefeller abolished the partnership of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler,[54] forming Standard Oil of Ohio. August 2, 1896 An article documents Rockefellers life and his rise to wealth, from poverty to possessing millions of dollars. The union was forced to discontinue strike benefits in February 1915. [59] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. WebHow did John Rockefeller gain his wealth? WebJohn D. Rockefeller was the richest man of his time but, used his wealth to improve our country. [81] Amid the frenetic expansion, Rockefeller began to think of retirement. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. In 1867, Henry Morrison Flagler became a partner, and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was established. I dropped the worry on the way In 1879, the New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee investigations into "alleged abuses" committed by the railroads uncovered the fact that Standard Oil was receiving substantial freight rebates on all of the oil it was transporting by railroad and was crushing Standard's competitors thereby. We were in a new business, and if I had not stayed it must have stoppedand with so many dependent on it. 186365 Rockefeller builds his first oil refinery, near Cleveland. [citation needed], His mother was deeply religious and disciplined, and had a major influence on him in religious matters. Full of work and full of play [citation needed], In 1864, Rockefeller married Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (18391915), daughter of Harvey Buell Spelman and Lucy Henry. Billionaire John D. Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 to May 23, 1937) continues to rank as one of the richest men in modern times. [94], The casualties suffered at Ludlow mobilized public opinion against the Rockefellers and the coal industry. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Learn about John D. Rockefeller's historic-preservation of early American history at Williamsburg. Later in life he turned his attention to charity. WebBy 1858, Rockefeller had more responsibilities at Hewitt & Tuttle. Osgood left the company in 1904 and devoted his efforts to operating competing coal and coke operations. He followed his father's advice to "trade dishes for platters" and always get the better part of any deal. Continuing to apply his work ethic and efficiency, Rockefeller quickly expanded the company to be the most profitable refiner in Ohio. Biography Reference Center, EBSCO, United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics historical inflation calculator, United States Commission on Industrial Relations, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, "John D. Rockefeller: The Richest Man in the World", http://www.usstuckonstupid.com/sos_charts.php#gdp, "Giving It Away, Then and Now The New York Times", Weekly Centralian Link (June 15, 2018) CPU holds Faculty and Staff Conference 2018, "The Philanthropists: John D. Rockefeller Tim Challies", "John D. Rockefeller | Biography, Facts, & Death", "People & Events: John D. Rockefeller Senior, 18391937", "Proceedings of the Special Committee on Railroads, Appointed under a resolution of the Assembly to investigate alleged abuses in the Management of Railroads chartered by the State of New York (Vol. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. Today known as Spelman College, the school is an all women Historically Black College or University in Atlanta, Georgia, named after Laura's family. [45], A market existed for the refined oil in the form of kerosene. From the different reports and the different historians opinions, I feel that Rockefeller and his business negatively impacted society. His General Education Board made a dramatic impact by funding the recommendations of the Flexner Report of 1910. WebRockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and, through corporate and technological innovations, was instrumental in both widely disseminating and drastically reducing the production cost of oil. American industrialist John D. Rockefeller built his first oil refinery near Cleveland and in 1870 incorporated the Standard Oil Company. He was an excellent debater and expressed himself precisely. WebIn the 1860s John D. Rockefeller took note of the expansion of oil production in western Pennsylvania and built an oil refinery near Cleveland, Ohio, in 1863. Grandchildren Abigail Aldrich "Abby" Rockefeller and John Davison Rockefeller III became philanthropists. John D. Rockefeller, in full John Davison Rockefeller, (born July 8, 1839, Richford, New York, U.S.died May 23, 1937, Ormond Beach, Florida), American industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. This was probably the greatest amount of wealth that any private citizen had ever been able to accumulate by his own efforts. Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in the oil industry followed by a long career in philanthropy. For with the measure you use, it will be measured to you. ", Rockefeller was an abolitionist who voted for President Abraham Lincoln and supported the then-new Republican Party. [64] Rockefeller was under great strain during the 1870s and 1880s when he was carrying out his plan of consolidation and integration and being attacked by the press. Striking miners were forced to abandon their homes in company towns and lived in tent cities erected by the union, such as the tent city at Ludlow, a railway stop north of Trinidad.[94]. John D. Rockefeller was remembered for his wealth and for the aggressive competitive practices of the Standard Oil Company. His company and business practices came under criticism, particularly in the writings of author Ida Tarbell . [citation needed] In February 1865, in what was later described by oil industry historian Daniel Yergin as a "critical" action, Rockefeller bought out the Clark brothers for $72,500 (equivalent to $1million[37] in 2021 dollars) at auction and established the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews. With the help of funds from the Rockefeller Foundation, relief programs were organized by the Colorado Committee on Unemployment and Relief. [75] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. A state agency created by Governor Carlson, offered work to unemployed miners building roads and doing other useful projects. [80] He went on a massive buying spree acquiring leases for crude oil production in Ohio, Indiana, and West Virginia, as the original Pennsylvania oil fields began to play out. In 1892 the Ohio Supreme Court held that the Standard Oil Trust was a monopoly in violation of an Ohio law prohibiting monopolies. Money making was considered by him a "God-given gift".[101]. Control was passed from the Iowa Group[91] to Gould and Rockefeller interests in 1903 with Gould in control and Rockefeller and Gates representing a minority interests. American industrialist and philanthropist [17941877]. [94][95] Costs to both mine operators and the union were high. John D. Rockefeller was an American business magnate and philanthropist. Philanthropy Roundtable - Biography of John Rockefeller Sr. John D. Rockefeller - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), John D. Rockefeller - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). August 2, 1896 An article documents Rockefellers life and his rise to wealth, from poverty to possessing millions of dollars. Rockefeller gave $80million to the University of Chicago[111] under William Rainey Harper, turning a small Baptist college into a world-class institution by 1900. [108] John Rockefeller was impressed by the vision of the school and removed the debt from the school. [13], Rockefeller was also the founder of the University of Chicago and Rockefeller University and funded the establishment of Central Philippine University in the Philippines. In the same letter, Rockefeller writes that he has "always stood for whatever measure seemed at the time to give promise of promoting temperance." He supported the incorporation of repealing the 18th amendment into the Republican party platform. [citation needed], Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller's partners. "[68], At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. In 1862, a barrel (42 gallons) of oil dropped in value from $4.00 to 35 cents. WebROCKEFELLER, JOHN D. (8 July 1839-23 May 1937), industrialist and philanthropist, rose from his position as an assistant bookkeeper for a Cleveland commission merchant to become one of the wealthiest men in the U.S. through his efforts in developing the STANDARD OIL CO. Born on a farm near Richford, NY. [10] His foundations pioneered developments in medical research and were instrumental in the near-eradication of hookworm[11] and yellow fever[12] in the United States. Within two years it was the largest refinery in the area, and thereafter Rockefeller devoted himself exclusively to the oil business. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. For many of his competitors, Rockefeller had merely to show them his books so they could see what they were up against and then make them a decent offer. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost. Rockefeller believed in the Efficiency Movement, arguing that: "To help an inefficient, ill-located, unnecessary school is a waste it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs, if the money had been properly directed to that end. John D. Rockefeller was an American business magnate and philanthropist. 186365 Rockefeller builds his first oil refinery, near Cleveland. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[60] Rockefeller had already become a millionaire ($1million is equivalent to $28million[37] in 2021 dollars).[61]. After the war, he donated land for the United Nations headquarters, a gift that figured prominently in the decision to Updates? As he grew rich, his donations became more generous, especially to his church in Cleveland; nevertheless, it was demolished in 1925, and replaced with another building.[101]. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. [42] As he said, "God gave me money", and he did not apologize for it. [94] Rockefeller denied any responsibility and minimized the seriousness of the event. Corrections? In 1972 Congress honored his contributions by creating a memorial parkway between Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks, which bears his name. [3][4] Rockefeller was born into a large family in Upstate New York that moved several times before eventually settling in Cleveland. Rogers, in particular, became one of Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. [108] John and Laura donated money and supported the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary whose mission was in line with their faith based beliefs. Public hostility toward monopolies, of which Standard was the best known, caused some countries to enact anti-monopoly laws. He complained that he could not stay asleep most nights. Nine trustees, including Rockefeller, ran the 41 companies in the trust. Most failed, but those who struck oil did not even need to be efficient. I would have deplored the necessity which compelled the officers of the company to resort to such measures to supplement the State forces to maintain law and order." All the fortune that I have made has not served to compensate me for the anxiety of that period. WebTwo things about the oil industry, however, bothered Rockefeller right from the start: the appalling waste and the fluctuating prices. [84] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell stated she was surprised at its magnitude. The price of the refined oil in 1863 was around $13 a barrel, with a profit margin of around $5 to $8 a barrel. While most refiners dumped oil byproducts into nearby rivers, Rockefeller wisely hired research-and-development men to produce waxes, paving materials, and detergents from the seemingly unmarketable sludge that was discarded. Rockefeller had entered the raucous oil business during the Civil War, when oil often sold for a dollar a gallon. [17] For advice, he relied closely on his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller with whom he had five children. The railroads competed fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company offering special deals to bulk customers like Standard Oil, outside the main oil centers. [5] His personal wealth was estimated in 1913 at $900million, which was almost 3% of the US GDP of $39.1billion that year. Rockefellers benefactions during his lifetime totaled more than $500 million. When the Civil War was nearing a close and with the prospect of those war-time profits ending, Clark & Rockefeller looked toward the refining of crude oil. Barrels that cost $2.50 each ended up only $0.96 when Rockefeller bought the wood and had them built for himself. They include politicians and writers, some of whom served Rockefeller's interests, and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the "robber barons". Learn about John D. Rockefeller's historic-preservation of early American history at Williamsburg. My life has been one long, happy holiday; In 1901, he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research[114] in New York City. [125] Through this, he supported work in the social studies; this was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation. WebBy 1858, Rockefeller had more responsibilities at Hewitt & Tuttle. WebJohn D. Rockefeller. The cartel offered preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep discounts/rebates of up to 50% for their product but rebates for the shipment of competing products. John D. Rockefeller was remembered for his wealth and for the aggressive competitive practices of the Standard Oil Company. John D Rockefeller was a businessman who emerged as one of the men with largest fortune in history. 187072 By 1882 Standard Oil had a near monopoly on the oil business in the United States. His company and business practices came under criticism, particularly in the writings of author Ida Tarbell . [92], The strike, called in September 1913 by the United Mine Workers, over the issue of union representation, was against coal mine operators in Huerfano and Las Animas counties of southern Colorado, where the majority of CF&I's coal and coke production was located. John D. Rockefeller is reported to be the wealthiest man in America with about $150,000,000 and an income of $25,000 per day. [115] In keeping with the historic missions of the Baptists, it was especially active in supporting black schools in the South. John Jr.'s youngest son David Rockefeller was a leading New York banker, serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan (now part of JPMorgan Chase). [140], Rockefeller is largely remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. "[101], Rockefeller would support Baptist missionary activity, fund universities, and heavily engage in religious activities at his Cleveland, Ohio, church. The capital expenditures for a refinery at that time were small around $1,000 to $1,500 and requiring only a few men to operate. Second son Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller was Republican governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States. [41] While his brother Frank fought in the Civil War, Rockefeller tended his business and hired substitute soldiers. Rockefeller entered the fledgling Oil industry in 1863, by investing in a factory in Cleveland, Ohio. WebRockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and, through corporate and technological innovations, was instrumental in both widely disseminating and drastically reducing the production cost of oil. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. That orderly, economic, efficient flow is what we now, many years later, call 'vertical integration' I do not know whether Mr. Rockefeller ever used the word 'integration'. The Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that Standard Oil must be dismantled for violation of federal antitrust laws. WebJohn D. Rockefeller was the richest man of his time but, used his wealth to improve our country. Sensing the commercial potential of the expanding oil production in western Pennsylvania in the early 1860s, he built his first oil refinery, near Cleveland, in 1863. The companies' combined net worth rose fivefold and Rockefeller's personal wealth jumped to $900million. Even with the high costs of freight transportation and a government levy during the Civil War (the government levied a tax of twenty cents a gallon on refined oil), profits on the refined product were large. [31] He was a well-behaved, serious, and studious boy despite his father's absences and frequent family moves. [69] The "trust" was a corporation of corporations, and the entity's size and wealth drew much attention. And God was good to me everyday. Within two years it is the largest refinery in the area. John D. had spent a lifetime trying to bury the truth about a relative whose actions threatened the entire empire he had worked so hard to build. In 1853, his family moved to Strongsville, Ohio, and he attended Cleveland's Central High School, the first high school in Cleveland and the first free public high school west of the Alleghenies. [47], While other refineries would keep the 60% of oil product that became kerosene, but dump the other 40% in rivers and massive sludge piles,[48] Rockefeller used the gasoline to fuel the refinery, and sold the rest as lubricating oil, petroleum jelly and paraffin wax, and other by-products. Founded by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (1839-1937), the Standard Oil Company is one of the world's richest corporations. [57] While competitors may have been unhappy, Rockefeller's efforts did bring American consumers cheaper kerosene and other oil by-products. [107] His wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller, was dedicated to civil rights and equality for women. Biographer Allan Nevins, answering Rockefeller's enemies, concluded: The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty. Hostile critics often portrayed Rockefeller as a villain with a suite of bad traitsruthless, unscrupulous and greedyand as a bully who connived his cruel path to dominance. [a] Oil was used throughout the country as a light source until the introduction of electricity, and as a fuel after the invention of the automobile.