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Westerlies are strongest in the winter, when pressure over the pole is low, and weakest in summer, when the polar high creates stronger polar easterlies.The strongest westerlies blow through the Roaring Forties, a wind zone between 40 and 50 degrees latitude in the Southern Hemisphere. T/F:The most fundamental reason for all atmospheric motions is the non-uniform heating of the earth by the Sun. T/F:The inventor of the mercury barometer was Sir Francis Bacon. This downdraft is a tornado.Depending on the temperature and moisture of the air, a tornado can last a few minutes or over an hour. They always blow from cold, high-pressure regions. The strongest winds in the solar system, however, belong to its outermost planet, Neptune. Ok, so, we now have some idea about the origin of global wind systems that result from pressure gradients at Earth's surface. These same tropical storms are known as hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, cyclones in the northern Indian Ocean, and typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean.These tropical storms have a spiral shape. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. T/F: The most important force causing the wind is due to the earth's rotation. Name the three forces that act to cause the motion of air. Want to know more about wind? Its readings may be too low or too high if the temperature varies from the expected. The final figure (Figure 26) shows all six cells diagrammatically, along with the pressure variations at the surface of the Earth and zones of typical wet and dry belts. . Many people were confined to their homes for a week. A force is an influence on a body which causes the body to accelerate (change speed or direction). However, typhoons have also been recorded as far as the U.S. states of Hawaii and even Alaska.Typhoons are often associated with extremely heavy rainfall. A gradient of pressure (high to low) is formed that causes air to flow away from the high and towards the low pressure at the surface. The wind was named after British sailor Samuel Cromwell, whose name the locals could not pronounce.Hawk: strong, cool breeze blowing westward through Chicago from Lake Michigan.levant: strong winds that blow from the Atlantic Ocean through the narrow Strait of Gibraltar in the western Mediterranean Sea. Unit 1: Fresh Water: Scarcity or Surfeit? Even strong winds are often short in duration.Trade WindsTrade winds are the powerful prevailing winds that blow from the east across the tropics. Do strangers sit next to each other when there are plenty of open seats? Figure 22. The second was westward winds across the English Channel, allowing Protestant William of Orange to invade England and depose James II, the last Catholic monarch. Winds carried ash from the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in Iceland, as far west as Greenland and as far east as Great Britain. e. Coriolis effect. Each of these wind belts represents a "cell" that circulates air through the atmosphere from the surface to high altitudes and back again. They have been instrumental in the history of exploration, communication, and trade. Explain how wind direction is described, giving at least two possible ways that wind direction might be represented. A Category 5 hurricane is the strongest storm possible on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The first Protestant Wind was a storm that destroyed the (Catholic) Spanish Armada off the coast of England in 1588. (t/f), The sea breeze is a simple thermal circulation that does not involve a pressure gradient. Acycloneis generally defined by meteorologists as: in the opposite direction of Earth's rotation. B) centrifugal force. no cloud development, you would expect vertical airflow in an anti cyclone to result in It can dry your clothes in summer and chill you to the bone in winter. A) Northern Hemisphere deflection to the right of the wind's original direction, C) Low wind speeds strongest deflection, D) deflection always at a 90 degree angle to the direction of air flow. The College of Earth and Mineral Sciences is committed to making its websites accessible to all users, and welcomes comments or suggestions on access improvements. In areas of high pressure, the gases in the air are more crowded. C) pressure gradient force. Dust Bowl storms could reduce visibility to a few feet, and earned names like "Black Blizzards." No way. The winds therefore still blow in towards the low, at an angle across the isobars, rather than flowing parallel to them as they do in the upper atmosphere. change in pressure along a horizontal surface. D) wind force. Figure 27. Siroccos carry tons of dust and sand throughout northern Africa, and contribute to wet weather as they reach Europe.squamish: fast-moving, cold wind that rushes down the narrow fjords of British Columbia, Canada. T/F:Friction at the surface results in a stronger Coriolis force. Polar easterlies flow to low-pressure areas in sub-polar regions.WesterliesWesterlies are prevailing winds that blow from the west at midlatitudes. its magnetic field As the rising air cools its capacity to hold water decreases (relative humidity increases) and, at some point, saturation with respect to water vapor is reached. Air near the equator is warmed and rises because it is less dense (mass/unit volume) than the air around it as shown in Figure 21 below. Wind shear is measured both horizontally and vertically. Air near the equator is heated and rises as indicated by the red arrows. The primary cause of erosion along a coastline is by wave action. All three forces work together at the same time. In the 20th century, kamikaze became the informal name for suicide attacks during World War II. This happens because Earths rotation generates what is known as the Coriolis effect. Please send comments or suggestions on accessibility to the site editor. A) horizontal airplane flight of 200 miles The wind is a result of forces acting on the atmosphere: 1. The tip of South America and Australia, as well as the islands of New Zealand, are the only large landmasses to penetrate the Roaring Forties. Protestant WindThe Protestant Wind refers to the lucky weather encountered by the British Navy of the 16th-17th centuries. Tornadoes can occur as waterspouts or landspouts, spinning from hundreds of meters in the air to connect the land or water with clouds above. As the Sun unevenly heats the surface of the Earth, air rises and sinks, resulting in high and low regions of air pressure. Coriolis: alteration of wind direction caused by the rotation of the Earth. A diagram which indicates the percentage of time the wind blows from various directions. On the other side of the mountain, dry downslope winds can speed through mountain passes at nearly 160 kph (100 mph). Germany has the most installed wind energy capacity, followed by Spain, the United States, India, and Denmark. Wind is the primary force driving surface currents in the ocean. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Waves are formed by the wind blowing across the surface of the water. If they are behind the plane, pushing it forward, they are called tailwinds. E) air density. 0 describes conditions that are so calm that smoke rises vertically. The addition of water vapor will cause the density of air to: Air pressure drops ________ with altitude in a column of cold (dense) air than in a column of warm (less dense) air. Some equatorial air masses return to the doldrums as trade winds, while others circulate in the other direction as westerlies. Near the equator the water is about 8 centimeters high than in middle latitudes. converging winds and ascending air result over the land. We review their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. The predominant summer wind direction is in favor of the batter. The cells on either side of the Equator are called Hadley cells and give rise to the Trade Winds at Earth's surface. AnemoiDeities representing the winds play an important role in mythologies around the world. More than 20,000 people died as a result of the hurricane as it made its way across Barbados, St. Lucia, Martinique, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, and Bermuda. )Wind ZonesThe Earth contains five major wind zones: polar easterlies, westerlies, horse latitudes, trade winds, and the doldrums.Polar EasterliesPolar easterlies are dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the east. Wind energy is harnessed through powerful turbines. Currents are cohesive streams of seawater that circulate through the ocean. As air rises, the pressure lowers and surrounding air moves in to replace it, causing wind. Figure 25. Ocean currents can be caused by wind, density differences in water masses caused by temperature and salinity variations, gravity, and events such as earthquakes or storms. The predominant summer wind direction is in favor of the batter. where A=0.15m,k=3.5m1A=0.15 \mathrm{~m}, k=3.5 \mathrm{~m}^{-1}A=0.15m,k=3.5m1, and =1.6s1\omega=1.6 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}=1.6s1. Divergence in the atmosphere is best defined as: Which of the following has the smallest impact on winds? In nature, regions of excess move toward regions of deficit. What can be said of the airplane? Anemometers are used with tornado data collectors, which measure the velocity, precipitation, and pressure of tornadoes.Tornadoes strength is measured according to the Fujita scale. Horizontal variations in air pressure cause a force which makes the wind blow. Air is set in motion by the Pressure Gradient Force (PGF). the best explanation for the cause of atmospheric pressure is. The pressure gradient force (Pgf) is a force that tries to equalize pressure differences. Describe the airflow around a low-pressure center (cyclone) and a high-pressure center (anticyclone) and the weather associated with each. Many deserts, from the rainless Atacama of South America to the arid Kalahari of Africa, are part of the horse latitudes.The prevailing winds at the horse latitudes vary, but are usually light. The Gulf Stream brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico up the East Coast of North America and across the Atlantic to Northern Europe. Choose the term that does not belong in the following group, and explain why it does not belong: book lung, trachea, spiracle, and green gland. Cyclones blow in with air masses from the east, often the South China Sea, or the south.The most powerful and devastating cyclone in recorded history was the 1970 Bhola Cyclone. This simplified National Weather Service (NWS) map shows an intense event which brought subfreezing temperatures as far south as the Gulf of. Subway StormThe Great Blizzard of 1888 shut down roads and rails along the East Coast of the United States. Choose t=1.5st=1.5 \mathrm{~s}t=1.5s. Why are you more likely to get a static shock to your finger than to your whole hand? the comparatively high pressure gradient in the area. These wind maps were created when the typhoon was a Category 4 with winds of 131-155 mph. Debris, such as signs, roofing material, siding and small items left outside become flying missiles during hurricanes. D) both wind speed and latitude, As seen by an observer on Earth, the Coriolis effect is an illusion; no deflection can actually be measured. Coriolis 2. (t/f), The Coriolis effect is strongest at the equator and diminishes in strength poleward. On the other hand, sinking air creates high pressure at the surface where it descends. On Earth, the main differences in air pressure are caused by differences in temperature. The National Hurricane Center issues hurricane watches for storms that may endanger communities, and hurricane warnings for storms that will reach land within 24 hours.CyclonesCyclones blow through the Indian Ocean in the same way hurricanes blow across the Atlantic. ________ are elongated high pressure areas extending towards the poles and are associated with ________. This will give scientists new ways to keep an eye on wind. Image courtesy of Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegner Institute for . primary force that causes all winds. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Cyclone: air blows in towards the center with a clockwise rotation (S. Hemisphere) or a counter-clockwise rotation (N. Hemisphere). At the same time, cooler, denser air moves over Earths surface toward the Equator to replace the heated air. The extrasolar planets of 51 Pegasi have winds that blow 14,400 kph (9,000 mph)! convergence both at the surface and aloft, divergence aloft and convergence at the surface, : (eng 1) Psalms Chapter 1. Some of the most familiar seeds dispersed by the wind are those of the fuzzy dandelion.Wind EnergyWind has been used as a source of energy for more than a thousand yearsit has pushed ships around the globe and been captured in windmills to pump water; it has turned giant stones to grind grains, make paper, saw logs, and crush ore. Today, most wind energy is used to generate electricity for homes, businesses, hospitals, schools, and industry.Wind is a renewable resource that does not directly cause pollution. Extraterrestrial Winds The same forces that cause winds on Earthuneven heating by the sun and the planets rotationcause other planets to develop strong winds. What is the average sea level pressure in the United States? The spacing of isobar lines on a map provides a visual indication of ________. When upper atmospheric winds blow parallel to the isobars along straight paths, they are termed ________ winds. Plants that rely on anemochory produce hundreds and even thousands of seeds. People want to spread out as much as possible. clouds, cyclonic airflow is characterized by : (t/f), The primary cause of wind is not atmospheric pressure but atmospheric pressure differences. In the upper atmosphere, there is almost no friction, which allows for greater wind speed. Without going into detail as to why rotation creates this apparent force, the Coriolis effect causes winds (and all moving objects) to be deflected: The Coriolis effect causes winds to deflect as they travel within circulation cells and results in the two large hypothetical Hadley cells breaking into six smaller cells, which looks something like the diagram below (and the first figure in this series). its pressure gradient More than 147 centimeters (58 inches) of snow fell across the region, causing freezing temperatures and massive flooding as the snow melted. The air at a warm temperature rises, but the air in a cold temperature is denser and travels lower, replacing the warm air. Earth Science, Meteorology, Engineering, Geography, Physical Geography. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Summer monsoons bring warmth and precipitation to India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.The summer monsoon is essential for the health and economies of the Indian subcontinent. The tornado destroyed local communications, making warnings for the next town nearly impossible. The effect of friction on the wind directly and/or indirectly alters its: The wind speed normally increases with height in the layer of air next to the ground. T/F:In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes all moving objects that travel large distances in the atmosphere to deflect to the right of their original path. The maximum pressure range of the atmosphere, as defined by the highest and lowest pressures ever recorded, is between: What units of pressure are used when air pressure is reported to the public in the United States? The Coriolis force is zero at the Equator. The labeled lines on the map are called ________ and they represent lines of equal ________. Step-by-step explanation. C) travel from center of a low pressure system to center of a high pressure system To prepare butane-2-one, which of these compounds would you oxidize: propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2ol, or 2-methyl propane-2-ol? These pressure variations are often caused by: Circulations in the earth's atmosphere are fundamentally caused by: temperature contrasts between different locations. And the bigger the difference between the pressures, the faster the air will move from the high to the low pressure. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Why is the 500-mb level chart important for forecasting? B) balloon ascent from sea level to 3 miles no one factor id more important than the other Due to the Gulf Stream, Northern Europe enjoys a much warmer, milder climate than other areas at similar latitudes, such as the U.S. state of Alaska.Impact on EcologyWind has the power to move particles of earthusually dust or sandin great quantities, and over far distances. It is strong enough to carry sailing ships across the ocean and rip huge trees from the ground. They are fed by polar easterlies and winds from the high-pressure horse latitudes, which sandwich them on either side. Wind carries heat, moisture, pollutants, and pollen to new areas.Many daily weather patterns depend on wind. pressure gradient force Which of the following would involve the greatest change in atmospheric pressure? graph b (circled inward, counterclockwise). T/F:The mercury barometer is larger and less portable than an aneroid barometer. The main cause of wind is a little surprising. In Aztec mythology, the four wind gods were Mictlanpachecatl (north wind), Tlalocayotl (east wind), Vitztlampaehecatl (south wind), and Cihuatecayotl (west wind).Other mythologies recognize one supreme god of the wind: Enlil of Sumeria, Amun in ancient Egypt, Fujin in Japan's Shinto culture, Fei Lan of ancient China, and Vayu, the Hindu god of wind. inward and clockwise divergence aloft More than 277 centimeters (109 inches) of rain drenched Taiwan, leading to 461 deaths and $6.2 billion in damage.Noreasters and BlizzardsA nor'easter is a strong winter storm combining heavy snowfall, strong winds, and very cold temperatures. (t/f), Cyclones are characterized by converging surface winds and rising air. It is determined by the mass of the object and the object's rate of rotation. B) North Pole strongest deflection The cause of the clockwise spiraling motion is: You would expect vertical airflow in a cyclone to result in: You would expect vertical airflow in an anticyclone to result in: High air pressure zones are usually associated with: If "fair" weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be: Weather reports of wind express only the horizontal motion of the air. Rain shadows are created as wind interacts with a mountain range. Wind shear is a difference in wind speed and direction over a set distance in the atmosphere. Economic damage from the Bhola Cyclone was more than $479 million, adjusted for inflation.TyphoonTyphoons are tropical storms that develop over the northwest Pacific Ocean.