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History of Osceola County James and Katherine also had Anne McQueen who married Don Jose Coppinger, the last Florida Governor appointed by Spain. Capt. Osceola led the Seminole war resistance until he was lied to during peace talks and captured in September 1837. [7]:90, On December 28, 1835, Osceola, with the same rifle Thompson gave him, killed the Indian agent. Osceola claimed this and that he was Tuhkabatchee. Cookie Settings, Smithsonian American Art Museum / Art Resource, NY, Kids Start Forgetting Early Childhood Around Age 7, Archaeologists Discover Wooden Spikes Described by Julius Caesar, 5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq, Artificial Sweetener Tied to Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Finds, The Surprisingly Scientific Roots of Monkey Bars. Connect to 5,000+ Powell profiles on Geni, John William Powell, Polly Powell (geb. M 1826. (LogOut/ He was buried with military honors at Fort Moultrie. He was imprisoned, first at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida, and later at Fort Moultrie, near Charleston, South Carolina. "[7]:221,218. He acquired the name Osceola in young adulthood. 1. Osceola (U.S. National Park Service) On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. (Bk SOURCE below. Osceola was named Billy Powell at birth in 1804 in the Creek village of Talisi, now known as Tallassee, Alabama, in current Elmore County. Free shipping for many products! B: Oct. 15, 1771- about 1814 And the family history stops short at her name, listing her as a Redstick Creek, Name Kathrine Fraser. He became closely involved with the people. [7]:825, Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend and gave him a rifle. Osceola (Billy Powell) Born to a Creek mother and a white father, Osceola's family joined the Seminole following the Creek Civil War. The death mask is currently housed in the Luce collection of the New-York Historical Society.[28]. In life, Osceola was perhaps the most influential leader among the scattered, often rival clans of Florida that became known as the Seminoles. Find the perfect seminole tribal stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 1 daughter. Where are your pages on facebook. In 1843, Whitehurst sent the head to Valentine Mott, a New York physician. Sunnie/Sanee (Powell) Rhoden 1798- about 1855 Osceola, named Billy Powell at birth in Alabama, became an influential leader of the Seminole people in Florida. 2. [9] Lt. John T. Sprague mentions in his 1848 history The Florida War that Osceola had a wife named "Che-cho-ter" (Morning Dew), who bore him four children. Born Billy Powell, Osceola was his name assumed at adulthood. Join Facebook to connect with Osceola Powell and others you may know. We are direct descendants of James Powell, William Powells brother. Osceola - Wikipedia Native American Haplogroup X2a Solutrean, Hebrew orBeringian? Owen Edwards is a freelance writer and author of the book Elegant Solutions. [10][4]:58, Through the 1820s and the turn of the decade, American settlers continued pressuring the US government to remove the Seminole from Florida to make way for their desired agricultural development. He defeated General Duncan Clinch at the Battle of Withlacoochee in December 1835. 4. As US relations with the Seminole deteriorated, Thompson forbade the sale of guns and ammunition to them. The land, however, was unsuitable for agriculture and located away from the coastline so that Seminoles could no longer trade with Cubans and others for arms, ammunition, etc. It makes sense that the Creek Indians hid out in the Okefenokee and possibly Rachel took the story from the Canaday family while working in that area. Disappointing for those of us who work hard to get it right. Source*- Bk- Shawnee Heritage IV 1700s to 1750s by Don Billy was all of these. He was born to Polly Coppinger, a Creek woman, and William Powell, an English trader. Andrew Jackson ordered my entire bloodline to be killed. Thloco Cornell and Tuskenua Mad Dog document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Are you on Ancestry? Parents: Jacob & Polly Rhoden Id love to hear more from some of you. He was reared by his mother in the Creek (Muscogee) tradition. Osceola had a habit of barging into Thompson's office and shouting complaints at him. Half brother of George Lee Powell. In retaliation, the US Indian agent, Wiley Thompson, declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. together during the BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND where Major General On one occasion Osceola quarreled with Thompson, who had the warrior locked up at Fort King for two nights until he agreed to be more respectful. Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Seminole warrior, leader during the Second Seminole War, Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park, fort sumter and fort moultrie national historical park. Historic Seminole - semtribe.com Someone in his situationa man of mixed blood living among pure-blood Seminoleswould have to try hard to prove himself as a leader and a warrior. My DNA matches John William Powell Chufi Hadjo and Chekika Polly Ann Coppinger Powell, Parents of Osceola. To know for sure, you have to match on the same segment with at least two people proven to have the same ancestor and to not have other common ancestors. In 1936, Osceola was captured and died the following year in a prison at Fort Moultrie. In 1966, Miami businessman Otis W. Shriver claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and put his bones into a bank vault to rebury them at a tourist site at the Rainbow Springs in Marion County. I have read that his brother, Levi, was born two years after Nathan and was the child of a Dowling and many times people have connected that name to Nathan but the death certificate did not verify that. The Canadays remained here and Missouris sisters family later went to adjacent Columbia County, Florida, but the rest of Osceolas family moved farther down into Florida where he grew up and became famous as a leader of the Seminoles Some pronunciations of the name lend to the meaning the "black drink", a bitter concoction used in ritual ceremonies. Many Seminole chiefs refused to sign the treaty, leading to the outbreak of the Second Seminole War and Osceolas fame. I need more information to plug into our family tree. In retaliation, the US Indian agent, Wiley Thompson, declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. The Seminoles also welcomed runaway enslaved people from the plantations of Georgia, South Carolina, and later Florida into their tribe, which drew the attention and hostility of American slaveholders and the US Army. The Croatan Indians of Sampson County, North Carolina. High school No schools to show Photos See all photos Others Named Billy Powell Osceola Powell Billy Osceola Osceola NativeAmerican Billy Powell See more Others With a Similar Name Ra Billy Billy Cooper Some of Osceolas belongings are still held by the Weedon family, while others have disappeared. Smithsonian American Art Museum. * F: James J. Rhoden, b. As a child, Osceola went by the name Billy Powell, but later he fully embraced the identity of his adopted tribe, the Seminoles of Florida. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Powell was believed to have ancestors from all of these groups. In December 1837, about twenty Seminole warriors escaped from their cell in Fort Marion. General Jesup and the administration were condemned by many congressional leaders. Fixico, himself a Seminole, notes that when you sit for a portrait, you wear your Sunday best. Though Osceola had been imprisoned by the U.S. Army and suffered from malaria when he posed for Catlin, he retains the proud bearing of a leader aware of posterity. "The people in the town of Tallasseewere mixed-blood Native American/English/Irish/Scottish, and some were black. He was recognized as a defender of his people, Ganteaume says, and coverage in the American press made him well known. His fame only grew after his death at Fort Moultrie three months after his arrest. Remarkably, on November 30, Coacoochee (Wildcat) and 19 other Seminoles escaped Fort Marion; Osceola was not among them. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/4294. by Thomas S. Woodward, Indian agent. Maurnee (DP Note- William Powells child only) Hickory Ground Town, d. After 1865, In Creek Indian Nation (Oklahoma, par. Can I get a copy of the Powell History Book. James McQuuen would appear to be his great grandfather: Williams 2 kids: 1. I keep coming up short. I moved a lot and reside in Northeast Mississippi. I WAS Informed that Chief Osceola is our great, great, great grandfather. Known throughout his youth as Billy Powell, Osceola's early life remains relatively obscure. The most promising I found was a letter by Congress in 1836 stating that Us Se YOHOLO had several children with the daughter of Mad Wolf aka Yaha Hajo. In December 1835, during what became known as the Second Seminole War (1835-42), Osceola and a band of followers ambushed and killed a government agent, Wiley Thompson, and several others. )-3X great granddaughter of Missouri Powell Canaday, Thomas Woodward 1683-1811, m. wife 1: Katherine Fraser (Best guess, Betty Wadford source), m. in 1754 WIFE 2- Stelona Fraser 1739-before 1792. not reliable, (Katherines niece) Problem mother would be 8 yrs old. Im awaiting the results of an Ancestry DNA test currently. I found Oscalousa meaning last of the beautiful. The people in the town of Tallassee were mixed-blood Native American/ English/ Irish/Scottish, and some were black. At some point, likely around 1814, when he and his mother moved to Florida to live among Creeks and Seminoles, Osceola began to insist he was a pure-blood Indian. His father is thought to have been an English trader named William Powell, though historian Patricia R.. "Osceola" is anglicized Creek for Asi-yahola which is usually translated into . ************************************************************************ He was reared by his mother in the Creek (Muscogee) tradition. I thought the statue was me at first. These Creek Wars influenced the move of Osceolas tribe further south, into an area between the St. Marks and Suwannee rivers in northern Florida.This movement of tribes was common as white settlement and subsequent disputes forced many natives southward from South Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia. 1780-1849). Many sources state that Osceola's father was an English trader, William Powell, but others claim that Osceola's father was a Creek who died soon after Osceola's birth, and that . His mother was Muscogee, and his great-grandfather was a Scotsman, James McQueen. I was very excited to learn from your comment that Osceolas relatives had a tradition of passing down his name from generation to generation. Note: most researchers believe that William Powell, 1761-1830, is the step father of Osceola b 1804 in Talisi, AL, not his real father. Born in Tallassee, Alabama, in 1804, Powell (hereafter Osceola) was of mixed blood. Hello, I live in Macon Co, Alabama and would be interested in talking with you about the Powell family of Macon Co and Osceola. Any info you can share that can confirm Kathrines actual parents or parent would be really helpful! Owen Edwards Does anyone have any information on the exact day Osceola was born in 1804? [11], Five of the most important Seminole chiefs, including Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, did not agree to removal. Born Billy Powell, Osceola took refuge in Florida as a child, after his tribe was defeated in the Creek Wars. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. 16 yrs). The fort's current . If there is something out there that can help me with confirming connections it would he helpful. Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams-Onis Treaty, following the First Seminole War, in which General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida. Like his mother, Billy was raised in the Creek tribe. My Mother was a Powell. Seminole tribal hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy Mott placed it in his collection at the Surgical and Pathological Museum. He was born Billy Powell, in Maskk or Creek village of Talisi, now known as Tallassee, Alabama. yrs. Brother of Hepsy Homarty Powell; Maurnee Powell; Santee Powell; James L Powell; Thomas A Powell and 6 others; Emeline A Powell; Mary Jane Powell; Rachel Coppinger Powell; Lucy Powell; Sanee Powell and Charles Powell less Osceola is the symbol for Florida State University. Cookie Policy Later Weedon removed Osceolas head and embalmed it. His mother was Muscogee, and his great-grandfather was a Scotsman, James McQueen. She spoke English, was interpreter for him. 1815, died 1884} (a mulatto Creek Indian) from Charleston, South Carolina who was married (although not allowed by law in S.C) to Thomas Lowndes Wragg, who was a prominent commercial trader on the wharfs of Charleston, Osceola had been captured and was taken to Charleston, S.C. where he was imprisoned at Fort Moultrie on Sullivans Island. He identified himself as an Indian, says Ccile Ganteaume, an NMAI curator and organizer of the Infinity of Nations exhibition. When he was a child, they migrated to Florida with other Red Stick refugees, led by a relative, Peter McQueen,[1] after their group's defeat in 1814 in the Creek Wars. RACHEL RHODEN, b. 16 Available for both RF and RM licensing. Im trying to learn about our Muscogee and Seminole customs and language. Osceolas camp, located one mile south of Fort Peyton, raised a white flag of truce in order to signal their desire to negotiate. Chekika Married John WilliamPowell (Chufi Hadjo) during the Wars our family went to Florida to stay with Chekikas Cousin of the Seminole. Billy Powell Osceola - Facebook He married Che Cho La Morning Dew Stafney Thompson about 1827, in Alabama, United States. His daughter Napanee is my 3rd great grandmother. Osceola became the best-known resistance leader of the Seminoles and other. Osceola's Grave - Sullivan's Island, South Carolina - Atlas Obscura Polly was with him also but she is not listed as his mother. My e-mail is patriciadaley67@gmail.com or can text me at319-931-4429. I am apart of the Canaday line, Sari being my direct connection. She is no longer listed in the James J./Malinda Rhoden family home on the census after the age of 15. General Woodward further says: "Billy Powell or Osceola went with his uncle, McQueen, to Florida. [12][7]:1028, On October 21, 1837, Osceola and 81 of his followers were captured by General Joseph Hernndez on the orders of General Thomas Jesup, under a white flag of truce, when they went for peace talks to Fort Peyton near St. Isaac Brown and myself, with a party of friendly Creeks and Uchees, made him a prisoner in 1818, and he was then but a lad." Strange to say, the General is silent as to the boy's offense. Americans called this event the Dade Massacre. (LogOut/ I would like to see them. In death, the boy born in Alabama as Billy Powell . of THE OKEFENOKEE. 2. There is also a city in Iowa named after Osceola. OR Gov of E. FL), III. Hope to meet you all some day! His skill as a speaker, prowess in battle, and staunch opposition to removal, led him to becoming a prominent warrior, and he often acted as a spokesmen for Abiaka. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Plan to do further research and DNA ancestry background check to find a possible link. Mvto, Thank you, Ben Powell. He married Katherine Redstick Fraser, the Daughter of Chief (Mico) Eagle Wings of Tuhkabatchee. I think the Creek Indians were in the swamp because no one would go after them in that swamp. As soon as he finished dressing, he died.. Mishall, John and Mary Lou Mishall (2004). Im not sure why the Rhoden family history listed Yoha Hadjos last name as Rhoden-only place I have ever seen it. [4]:135 The United States first imprisoned him at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, then transported him to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina. Though Osceola was half-Seminole, she passed as white (Ossie Wilson Beck) her entire life. Osceolas grandfather ( William Powells father ) was Absolam Powell the 1st. We would love to be able to discuss further anything that others may know about this genealogy of Osceola and his wives. Rachel had 8 illegitimate children including Nathan Rhoden, my line. Source below : 1785 (date? Their Origin and Racial Status. Seminole Chief Osceola, Billy Powell | Native Heritage Project . Hi, I would love any information you may have on Kathrine. Pinecone7777@hotmail.com, Osceola were my ancestors and we still resides in America today but many things have been kept from us, My name is McKenley son of Hannah Mary Ella Walker/ McKinney. Learn about the Seminole Indians of Florida: Lessons for Kids *************************************************************** When Micco Osceola 'Billy Powell' Nikkanochee was born in 1804, in Talasse, Macon, Alabama, United States, his father, John William Powell, was 39 and his mother, Polly Ann Moniac Coppinger, was 35. Granddaughter of Nanny Powell Renfrow 1845-1927 m.1. Seminole Indians in Florida - History of the Florida Seminole Tribe Rachel Rhoden is a Rhoden by birth (James J/Malinda, listed in census). They were reared by their mothers and their maternal male relatives following Muscogee cultural practices, and they gained their social status from their mother's people. Chief William "Billy" Powell (1804 - 1838) - Genealogy - geni family tree FNU Dowling 2.Fleming Beasley-spouse #2 m. 1892 My LINE After early military skirmishes and the signing of the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by which the US seized the northern Seminole lands, Osceola and his family moved with the Seminole deeper into the unpopulated wilds of central and southern Florida. Osceola Powell - Facebook [1]:217218 [4]:115116, Osceola was named Billy Powell at his birth in 1804 in the Creek village of Talisi, which means "Old Town". Sari Missouri Miss Sari m. John Milledge Canaday the Okefenokee Swamp was a refuge for Indian people, fugitives from slavery, deserters during the Civil War (1861-65), and others seeking concealment. My family hid the record of her birth-parents, and I know nothing about them except that her mother or father was likely a fieldhand in North Carolina. If you were to add your DNA results to Ancestry, hopefully, Tim Powell would show up as a match as a cousin of some sort. Later, he went back up there to fight Andrew Jackson but when the Red Stick Creeks were defeated in 1814, he brought his wifes family, including Osceola, down to this area. Born Billy Powell, Osceola was his name assumed at adulthood. One of his wives was black, and Osceola fiercely opposed the enslavement of free people. In the book, Shawnee Heritage IV 1700s to 1750 , it lists the mother of Queen Ann 1747 as being Stelona Fraser , niece of Katherine Fraser. What information does the family believe? His father is thought to have been an English trader named William Powell, though historian Patricia R. Wickman, author of Osceolas Legacy, believes he may have been a Creek Indian who died soon after Osceola was born. Osceolas capture drew national attention. Osceola left for FL with William Powell and his mother, Ann Nancy Polly. Simultaneously, Micanopy and a large band of Seminole warriors ambushed troops under the command of Major Francis Dade south of Fort King on the road to Fort Brooke (later Tampa). Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend, and gave him a rifle. Army troops arrested him in October 1837, while under a flag of truce. Seminole Tribe. DNA showed an Osceola connection through my Burnside line but not through Rachel Rhoden. The army was unable to defeat Osceola in the field, so General Thomas Jesup used other means to capture him. It was there in Florida, in an adopted tribe, where Billy Powell became Osceola and in time a leader of warriors. 1820 GA/ SC (not 1793) 1870 Baker Co., FL Five of the most important Seminole chiefs, including Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, did not agree to removal. Micco Osceola 'Billy Powell' Nikkanochee - FamilySearch Ann was probably the sister or aunt of Peter McQueen, a prominent Muscogee leader and warrior. As an adult, Osceola took two wives, as did some other Creek and Seminole leaders. of Florida. In order to secure his release, Osceola agreed to sign the Treaty of Payne's Landing and to bring his followers into the fort. Then he visited relatives in Northern Alabama where he met and married Missouri Powell, Osceolas sister. Osceola (1804 - January 30, 1838, Asi-yahola in Creek), named Billy Powell at birth in Alabama, became an influential leader of the Seminole people in Florida. Osceola's mother was Muscogee, and his great-grandfather was a Scotsman, James McQueen. Osceola | Charleston Museum Osceola (Billy Powell) Medicine Man and War Chief (1804-1838) Osceola (ah-see-oh-la), William 'Billy' Powell, 1804-1838, was a Medicine man and War Chief of the Florida Seminoles during the Indian removal from Florida to unsettled U.S. territory in Oklahoma during the early 1800s. After digging further into my family background, i found out that my Grandmother, Osceola was named after my great, great, great grandfather who was a slave that sought refuge in the Seminole tribe. Osceola, who previously contracted malaria in Florida, became severely ill soon after arriving at Fort Moultrie. 1. In 1836, Osceola led a small group of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the tribe from their lands in Florida to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. During purification rites, a Seminole warrior drinks a black purgative liquid brewed from yaupon holly leaves. Because the Creek have a matrilineal kinship system, Polly and Anns other children were all considered to be born into their mothers clan; they were reared as traditional Creek and gained their status from their mothers people. Husband of Morning Dew Che Cho Ter Powell Osceola, the most well-known leader of the Seminole Indians, was born in 1804, in a Creek town near Tallassee, present-day Tuskegee, Alabama. I know we come from Wind Clan. My family is on that site as to our DNA results. *Most credible Osceola lineage Source: Thomas S. Woodward A Plea for SeparateSchools. His mother raised him as a Creek by custom under the . I know they had my 3x Great Grandfather John Wesley Powell. Then theres Che Cho Ter his other wife. Thank you for making sure I got that message. 6. Some Cherokee, Choctaw and Seminole chiefs went along, but Osceola and other Seminoles refused to sign the Treaty of Fort Gibson, which would have ceded their Florida homeland. By 1885, the death mask and some of Osceolas belongings ended up in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Institution, where they are still held. Category:Osceola - Wikimedia Commons Through the 1820s and the turn of the decade, American settlers kept up pressure on the US government to remove the Seminole from Florida to make way for their desired agricultural development. Today, his renown lives on in various place names, including Osceola counties in several states and the Osceola National Forest in Florida. Is this a book that was in print or is it a personal book? Hello, Ben. Following various escape attempts, officials brought Osceola and several other Seminoles to Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, in December 1837. 1814: POLLY Ann (Coppinger) Powell 1769/71 and WILLIAM POWELL were George Catlin, a well-known artist, portrayed Osceola while forming a brief friendship with the legendary Seminole.Osceola whose name refers to the black drink or asi, combined with the call shouted after drinking this emetic, yaholo resided at Fort Moultrie very briefly before succumbing to a severe throat illness on January 30, 1838. Maurnee (DP Note- William Powells child only) His brother, Luther Frank Powell passed away in the early 1990s and Polly a few years later. Osceolas early life is largely unknown. Polly and Osceola later left from Ft. Moniac along the St. Marys River toward Ocala. @ michaelaneider@yahoo.com.. thank you. | READ MORE. About Billy Powell (Chief Osceola) Osceola, the most well-known leader of the Seminole Indians, was born in 1804, in a Creek town near Tallassee, present-day Tuskegee, Alabama. Historians believe he was born in Alabama in 1804 to a Creek mother and a Scottish father. But his Seminole designationOsceolaresonates in the annals of Native American history and the nations folklore. He was buried on the grounds outside of the fort, albeit without his head, which Dr. Frederick Weedon removed as a scientific curiosity.Today, Osceolas legacy is representative of the struggle faced by many native peoples throughout the United States as encroachment by white settlers led to violent disputes and the eventual forced removal of most tribes to the present-day Southwest. His grandmother was Ann McQueen, grandfather Jose Coppinger. But I havent found anything that confirms who Kathrine is really. After being captured under a false flag of truce, Osceola died a prisoner of the US Army at Fort Moultrie in January 1838. 1,121,896: People also liked. Join Facebook to connect with Osceola Billy Powell and others you may know. 5. Gene Barber wrote in later articles that Osceola was never in the area and that he regretfully added to the myth by printing that story as truth. Nancy Renfrow My name is Patty Daley I was just reading your family history. These two events, along with the Battle of Withlacoochee on December 31 and raids on sugar plantations in East Florida in early 1836, marked the beginning of the Second Seminole War. Native American Haplogroup Origins and AncestralOrigins, James Whitehurst, Indian, Princess Anne County,VA, Eugenics as Indian Removal: Sociohistorical Processes and the De(con)struction of American Indians in theSoutheast, 1837 Treaty with the Choctaw andChickasaw. Im reaching out to anyone who can enlighten me about my family. Are the two listed above the same woman? Osceola, suffering from poor health, spent his final month at Fort Moultrie as a prisoner of the US Army. Osceola and his band were brought to St. Augustine and imprisoned at Fort Marion (Castillo de San Marcos). Osceola served as a cultural bridge between the non-Indian world and the Seminoles, says Fixico. Billy Powell's great-grand father was one James McQueen, a good Scotsman. I know she is half Seminole and half Scotts Irish. George Catlin, the famous artist who focused on Native American culture, visited and painted Osceola in his full Seminole attire: ostrich plumes, turban, war dress, and gorget. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/4369. Apparently Im Tuhkabatchee. Because the Muscogee had a matrilineal kinship system, Polly and Ann's children were all born into their mother's clan. Rumors persist that his embalmed head has been found in various locations. It is written that residents of Charleston went to Fort Moultrie to meet and talk with Osceola, even inviting him to attend plays inside the City which was allowed. Osceolas grave marker says, Osceola, Patriot and Warrior, died at Fort Moultrie, January 30, 1838., State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/4295, http://www.kislakfoundation.org/millennium-exhibit/profiles6.htm, http://www.floridamemory.com/solr-search/results/?q=%28osceola%20OR%20tt%3Aosceola%5E10%29&query=osceola, https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/03/15/creek-indian-mound-near-fort-decatur-alabama/, https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/03/12/osceola-powell-seminole-chief/, http://floridamemory.com/blog/2013/01/30/osceola-ca-1804-1838/.